Does radiotherapy treatment alter the pulp condition in patients with head and neck cancer? A systematic review

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to answer the question: "Can radiotherapy cause changes in the dental pulp condition of patients treated with irradiation in the head and neck region?" Clinical observational studies in adults with head and neck cancer undergoing treatment with ionizing radiation, longitudinal or cross-sectional follow-up to measure oxygen saturation (SpO2), and/or pulp sensitivity test to cold stimulation, were considered eligible. A systematic literature search was performed in six different databases, including the gray literature, and in article references. Two independent evaluators selected the studies, extracted the data, recorded the data on electronic spreadsheets, and then evaluated the methodological quality using the Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies tool devised by JBI. The data were assessed qualitatively using the Synthesis Without Metanalysis (SWiM) guidelines. After removing the duplicate articles, carefully analyzing the titles and abstracts, and reading the papers in full, seven studies were included. Four of the studies evaluated applied the cold sensitivity test, two associated pulse oximetry and cold sensitivity, and only one used just pulse oximetry. Evaluation using the cold sensitivity test and pulse oximetry in the initial periods before radiotherapy showed a decrease in the sensitive response and in SpO2 levels during a maximum period of 1 year. However, analyses thereafter indicated a normal response in both tests from 5 to 6 years after the end of radiotherapy treatment. Radiotherapy causes changes in pulp behavior patterns in the short term; however, recovery and return to average values occurs after long periods.

Evaluation in the danger zone of mandibular molars after root canal preparation using novel CBCT software

Abstract: This study measured the thickness of cementum/dentin in the danger zone of the mandibular molars after root canal preparation using novel cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) software. Eighty-four teeth were distributed into four groups: ProTaper Next, BioRace, Reciproc Blue, and WaveOne Gold. E-Vol DX® CBCT software was used to measure initial and final remaining cementum-dentin thicknesses after root canal preparation of the mesial root of mandibular molars at 1 and 3 mm from the furcation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test variable symmetry. The variables were described as mean and standard deviations, compared among the groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and within the groups using the Student t test. A generalized estimating equation model was used to compare the variation before and after root canal preparation. The level of significance was set at 5%. Differences between mean initial and final thicknesses of the mesiobuccal (MB) and mesiolingual (ML) canals were not statistically significant. The mean initial thickness was 3 mm (0.900 mm ± 0.191), considering that a mean lower than 1 mm (1.035 mm ± 0.184) indicates the danger zone. Although cementum/dentin is thinner at 3 mm from the furcation (0.715±0.186) after root canal preparation, the greatest amount of dentin removed was found at 1 mm (0.734 ± 0.191). The cementum-dentin remaining after preparation was thicker than 0.715 mm in root canals prepared using #35 (WaveOne Gold®) and #40 (ProTaper Next®, BioRace® and Reciproc Blue®) instruments. This confirms the safety of canal preparation in the danger zone using these systems.

Selamento de perfuração radicular associado a enxerto de tecido conjuntivo em área estética: relato de caso / Sealing of root perforation associated with connective tissue graft in aesthetic area: Case report

Introdução: Perfuração radicular é a comunicação entre as paredes do canal radicular e o espaço periodontal. O tempo, a localização e a dimensão da perfuração são fatores que afetam no prognóstico do dente. Objetivo: Relatar um caso clínico de tratamento de perfuração radicular supraóssea associado a enxertia de tecido conjuntivo em área estética. Relato do caso: Paciente relatou ter sido submetido, há 3 meses, ao tratamento endodôntico do dente #22; porém, esse não foi finalizado. Ao exame clínico, o dente apresentava ausência de dor e presença de fístula na região da gengiva inserida. As imagens radiográficas e tomográficas revelaram imagem sugestiva de perfuração radicular na região vestibular do dente #22, além de área hipodensa/radiolúcida circunscrita ao ápice radicular, conduzindo ao diagnóstico de periodontite apical assintomática associada a perfuração radicular supraóssea. Inicialmente, foi realizado preparo do canal radicular e utilizada medicação intracanal por 21 dias. Posteriormente, foi realizada a obturação do canal radicular e restauração definitiva em resina composta na face palatal. Na mesma sessão, foi realizado o acesso cirúrgico para selamento da perfuração com resina composta, associado a enxertia de tecido conjuntivo no dente #22, para evitar recessão tecidual marginal. Foi observada, após 12 meses, neoformação óssea na região periapical do dente #22, com ausência de dor e preservação da estética na região periodontal. Conclusão: O diagnóstico e o planejamento multidisciplinar são fatores importantes no tratamento de perfurações radiculares, assim como a correta escolha do material selador (AU).

Introduction: Root perforation is the communication between the walls of the root canal and the periodontal space. The time, location and size of the perforation are factors that affect the prognosis of the tooth. Objective: To report a clinical case of treatment of supraosseous root perforation associated with grafting of connective tissue in aesthetic area. Case report: Patient reported that 3 months had started root canal treatment of tooth 22, but was not finalized. At the clinical examination, the tooth presented absence of pain and presence of sinus tract in the region of attached gingiva. Radiographic and tomographic images revealed an image suggestive of root perforation in the buccal region of tooth 22, as well as a hypodense / radiolucent area circumscribed to the root apex, leading to the diagnosis of asymptomatic apical periodontitis associated with supraosseous root perforation. Initially, it were performed root canal preparation and intracanal medication. After 21 days, root canal obturation and composite restoration were performed on the palatal face. In the same session, the surgical access was made to sealing the perforation with composite resin, associated to the grafting of connective tissue in tooth 22, to avoid marginal tissue recession. It was observed after 12 months new bone formation in the periapical region of tooth 22, with absence of pain and preservation of aesthetics in the periodontal region. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary diagnosis and planning are important factors in the treatment of root perforations, as well as the correct selection of materials used to seal root perforations (AU).

Acessos endodônticos: o que todo endodontista deve saber / Endodontic accesses: what every endodontist should know

Introdução: Os acessos endodônticos minimamente invasivos (AEMI) surgiram com o intuito de, por meio da preservação de estrutura dentária, manter a resistência à fratura de dentes tratados endodonticamente. A partir do primeiro estudo, em 2010, vários trabalhos foram desenvolvidos buscando entender qual a influência dos AEMI na resistência à fratura de dentes tratados endodonticamente. No entanto, interferências coronárias causadas pelos AEMI poderiam prejudicar a realização dos procedimentos subsequentes à cavidade de acesso, como a localização, instrumentação, limpeza, descontaminação e obturação dos canais radiculares. Objetivo: Com base nessa premissa, a presente revisão teve como objetivo responder algumas perguntas para que o clínico entenda quais são as principais modalidades de AEMI, os impactos da sua abordagem no tratamento endodôntico e o verdadeiro papel do tratamento endodôntico na perda dos elementos dentários. Resultados: Considerando os dados disponíveis até o presente momento, faltam evidências robustas para apoiar a alegação de que os AEMIs preservem a resistência à fratura dos elementos tratados endodonticamente melhor do que nos dentes acessados de maneira tradicional. Além disso, cavidades de acesso minimamente invasivas podem interferir em outras etapas do tratamento endodôntico, podendo torná-lo imprevisível. Conclusão: Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que há uma falta de evidências que apoiem a utilização de cavidades de acesso minimamente invasivas na prática clínica de rotina e/ou no processo de formação de alunos de graduação e pós-graduação (AU).

Introduction: Minimally invasive access cavities emerged aiming to maintain the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth through the preservation of dental structure. Starting with the first study in 2010, several others were developed to evaluate the influence of minimally invasive access cavities in the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. However, the coronal interference caused by those access cavities could impair the subsequent procedures of root canal treatment, such as the location, instrumentation, cleaning, disinfection and filling of the root canals. Objective: Based on this premise, the aim of the present review was to answer some questions so that the clinician knows the main modalities of minimally invasive access cavities, the impacts of this approach and the real role of endodontic treatment in the tooth loss. Results: Considering the available data, there is a lack of robust evidence in literature to support the claim that the minimally invasive access cavities preserve the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth better than the traditional one. In addition, these access cavities can interfere in other stages of endodontic treatment, making it unpredictable. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that there is a lack of evidence to support the use of minimally invasive access cavities in routine clinical practice and/or in the process of training undergraduate and graduate students (AU).

Accuracy of periapical and panoramic radiography for detection of root morphologies: a comparative study

Abstract: Maxillary and mandibular incisors have increased risk for severe orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. A patient-related risk factor is aberrant root morphology. This study aimed to assess the frequency of detection of different root morphologies in anterior teeth using dental panoramic tomography (DPT) and long cone periapical radiographs (LCPAs). A retrospective cross-sectional design was used to assess a sample of 50 consecutive pre-treatment radiographic records of patients from a specialist orthodontic practice in Adelaide, Australia. A reference guide was developed that included three previously unreported morphologies: pipette and bent, bent and pointed, bent and blunt. Two trained and calibrated assessors examined each record against the inclusion criteria, then independently assessed each anterior tooth from DPTs and LCPAs to detect the type of root morphology present. Data were analysed using the chi-square statistical test. Radiographic records for 48 patients (48 DPTs and 161 LCPAs) were eligible, with 355 and 426 teeth on DPTs and LCPAs, respectively, included for assessment. Normal root morphology (119 teeth) was commonly observed in DPTs, while bent (154 teeth) was frequently observed using LCPAs. Mandibular incisors often had normal morphology in DPTs but bent in LCPAs. Bent was the most common morphology in maxillary lateral incisors using DPT and LCPAs, although maxillary centrals were mostly normal in DPTs but pointed in LCPAs. Differences using the two image acquisition methods were highly significant (p < 0.01). Aberrant root morphologies are more easily detected in anterior teeth using LCPAs compared to DPTs.

Cone-beam and micro-computed tomography for the assessment of root canal morphology: a systematic review

Abstract This study presents an overview of the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) compared with micro-computed tomography (μCT) in the assessment of root canal morphology of extracted human permanent teeth. A database search in PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, Scopus, Opengrey, Scielo and Virtual Health Library was conducted which compared root canal morphology of extracted human permanent teeth on the accuracy of CBCT with μCT. In accordance with PRISMA statement guidelines, data were extracted on study characteristics, target mediators, sampling and assay techniques and the parameters associated with obtaining the image and ability to identify the root canal morphology. Amongst 2734 records, ten fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Four studies compared the accuracy of CBCT and μCT in the assessment of root canal morphology using Vertucci's classification, with at least one CBCT group or subgroup of each study presented high agreement compared to the μCT. Six studies assessed more detailed root canal morphology, including two articles that found a lack of agreement between these imaging systems. Risk of bias was deemed low in three studies, moderate in four and high in three. CBCT can be as accurate as μCT in the assessment of several morphological features of extracted human permanent teeth; however there are some exceptions related to the more detailed morphological aspects. Voxel size likely influences the ability to detect these features, though the different aspects of exposure setting used in studies components may be confounding factors. CBCT may be considered for the assessment of root canal morphology ex-vivo.

Effect of dental bleaching on pulp oxygen saturation in maxillary central incisors - a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective To assess pulp oxygen saturation levels (SaO2) in maxillary central incisors after dental bleaching. Materials and Methods 80 participants (160 teeth) were randomly allocated to four groups: G1 In-office bleaching with two applications of 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) (20 minutes), followed by at-home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) (2 hours/day for 16 days); G2 - Same protocol as G1, plus desensitizing toothpaste; G3 - In-office bleaching with 35% HP and one application of placebo gel (20 minutes), followed by at-home bleaching with 10% CP (2 hours/day for 16 days); and G4 - Same protocol as G3, plus desensitizing toothpaste. Pulp SaO2 levels were measured before (T0) and immediately after (T1) in-office bleaching; on the 5th (T2), 8th (T3), 12th (T4), and 16th days of at-home bleaching (T5); and on the 7th (T6) and 30th (T7) days. Mean (SD) pulp SaO2 levels were compared within groups by generalized estimating equations (GEE) and Student's t-test (P<0.05). Results Mean pulp SaO2 at T0 was 84.29% in G1, 84.38% in G2, 84.79% in G3, and 85.83% in G4. At T1, these values decreased to 81.96%, 82.06%, 82.19%, and 81.15% in G1, G2, G3, and G4 respectively, with significant difference in G4 (P<0.05). During home bleaching, pulp SaO2 levels varied in all groups, with 86.55%, 86.60%, 85.71%, and 87.15% means at T7 for G1, G2, G3, and G4, respectively; G2 presented significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusions Pulp SaO2 level in maxillary central incisors was similar at baseline, reducing immediately after in-office bleaching, regardless of using desensitizing toothpaste and increasing at 30 days after dental bleaching.

Apical Surgery: Therapeutic Option for Endodontic Failure / Cirurgia Parendodôntica: Opção Terapêutica para o Insucesso Endodôntico

The aim of this study is present a surgical solution of the case of endodontic root canal failure caused by overfilling, with a history of endodontic retreatment and aesthetic rehabilitation with porcelain veneers. Patient C.F.P.L, 50 years old, female, was looking for treatment complaining of pain. Previous endodontic treatment was reported on tooth 11, and root canal retreatment after 6 months due to the persistence of painful symptomatology. Later, the patient carried out aesthetic rehabilitation with porcelain veneers, and approximately 6 months later the vitro pain related to the tooth 11 occurred again. Radiographic and tomographic images showed obturation of the root canal of the tooth 11 associated with diffuse hypodense area in the periapical region, with overextended endodontic material. The probable clinical diagnosis was symptomatic traumatic apical periodontitis, and apical surgery was proposed as treatment plan. After infiltrative anesthesia, a Newmann incision and split flap were performed, followed by osteotomy with micro-chisel and curettage of the lesion. An apicectomy was performed with Zecrya drill, followed by retro cavity with diamond ultrasonic tip and retrograde obturation with white MTA. After 2 years of follow-up bone neoformation and absence of symptomatology were observed, tooth in function and preservation of aesthetic rehabilitation harmony. Apical surgery is a therapeutic alternative with favorable prognosis for the treatment of endodontic failure, provided that it is correctly indicated and with a wellexecuted surgical protocol. (AU).

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a resolução cirúrgica de um caso de insucesso endodôntico ocasionado pela sobre obturação do canal radicular, com histórico de retratamento endodôntico e reabilitação estética com facetas cerâmicas. Paciente C.F.P.L, 50 anos, gênero feminino, procurou atendimento odontológico queixando-se de dor. Foi relatado tratamento endodôntico prévio no dente 11, e retratamento do canal radicular após 6 meses devido à persistência de sintomatologia dolorosa. Posteriormente, a paciente passou por reabilitação estética com facetas cerâmicas e, aproximadamente 6 meses após, houve o reaparecimento de dor espontânea relacionada ao dente 11. As imagens radiográficas e tomográficas revelaram obturação do canal radicular do dente 11 associado à área hipodensa difusa na região periapical, com extravasamento de material obturador. O diagnóstico clínico provável foi de periodontite apical sintomática traumática, e plano de tratamento proposto uma cirurgia parendodôntica. Posterior a anestesia infiltrativa, realizou-se incisão do tipo Newmann e retalho dividido, seguido de osteotomia com micro cinzel e curetagen da lesão. A apicectomia foi realizada com broca Zecrya, seguida da confecção da retrocavidade com ponta ultrassônica diamantada e obturação retrógrada com MTA branco. Após 2 anos de proservação foi observada neoformação óssea e ausência de sintomatologia, dente em função e preservação da harmonia da reabilitação estética. A cirurgia parendodôntica é uma alternativa terapêutica com prognóstico favorável para o tratamento do insucesso endodôntico, desde que corretamente indicada e com protocolo cirúrgico bem executado. (AU).

Oximetria de pulso na avaliação da vitalidade pulpar: análise crítica / Pulse oximetry in evaluation of pulp vitality: critical analysis

O diagnóstico da condição pulpar é essencial para o estabelecimento do tratamento adequado, e continua sendo um desafio na prática clínica atual. Os testes pulpares térmicos e elétrico são os mais comumente utilizados, porém apresentam as limitações inerentes por avaliarem apenas a sensibilidade pulpar, através da aplicação de estímulos na superfície dentária. A vitalidade da polpa dentária está relacionada à sua vascularização, e testes que avaliam o fluxo sanguíneo pulpar têm sido desenvolvidos e estudados. A oximetria de pulso é amplamente utilizada na medicina para determinação dos níveis de saturação de oxigênio sanguíneos, e tem apresentado-se como recurso para determinação da vitalidade pulpar. Com a utilização de adaptadores, os níveis de saturação de oxigênio da polpa dentária têm sido determinados em diferentes condições clínicas, direcionando para um diagnóstico mais preciso. Resultados promissores obtidos em diversos estudos reforçam as vantagens do oxímetro de pulso em comparação aos testes de sensibilidade, por se tratar de um método mais acurado, objetivo, não invasivo e que não provoca dor e desconforto ao paciente. Nesta perspectiva, os avanços científicos e tecnológicos têm aprimorado o uso de métodos de diagnóstico pulpar inovadores, e o oxímetro de pulso é um potencial recurso para aplicação na rotina clínica dos cirurgiões-dentistas.

Dental pulp diagnosis is essential for the establishment of appropriate treatment and remains a challenge in current clinical practice. Thermal and electrical pulp tests are the most commonly used, but they have the inherent limitations of only evaluating the pulp sensitivity through the application of stimuli on the dental surface. The vitality of the dental pulp is related to its vascularization, and tests that evaluate pulp blood flow have been developed and studied. Pulse oximetry is widely used in medicine for determination of blood oxygen saturation levels and has been presented as a resource for pulp vitality determination. With use of adapters, the levels of oxygen saturation of the dental pulp have been determined in different clinical conditions, leading to a more accurate diagnosis. Promising results obtained in several studies reinforce the advantages of the pulse oximeter in comparison to the sensitivity tests, because it is a more accurate, objective, non-invasive method that does not cause pain and discomfort to the patient. In this perspective, scientific and technological advances have improved the use of innovative pulp diagnostic methods, and the pulse Oximeter is a potential resource for application in the clinical routine of dentists.

Tratamento de cisto radicular de grande extensão: relato de caso clínico / Treatment of radicular cyst of extension: case report

Objetivo: Relatar o caso clínico de um cisto radicular extenso em maxila. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, feoderma, 28 anos de idade, compareceu ao serviço de estomatologia queixando-se de "uma bolha no dente". O paciente relatou evolução da lesão há 15 dias e ter sido submetido a um tratamento endodôntico prévio no dente 21. No exame físico intraoral observou-se um discreto aumento de volume em palato anterior na região do dente 21. Os dentes ântero superiores responderam negativamente ao teste de vitalidade pulpar (TVP). A radiografia panorâmica e tomografia computadorizada odontológica revelaram uma imagem hipodensa expansiva unilocular, estendendo- -se da região do dente 16 até do dente 25, com limites parcialmente definidos e rechaçamento do soalho do seio maxilar direito e da cavidade nasal. Tratamento: Foi realizada biópsia incisional sendo o resultado do exame anatomopatológico sugestivo de um cisto radicular. A abordagem terapêutica inicial foi o tratamento endodôntico dos dentes que apresentaram necrose pulpar preconizando a utilização do hidróxido de cálcio como medicação intracanal. Posteriormente ao tratamento endodôntico foi feita a marsupialização da lesão objetivando a descompressão cística. Após 3 meses de descompressão cirúrgica novos exames imaginológicos revelaram uma pequena regressão da lesão, no entanto, não satisfatória. Optou-se por realizar a curetagem da lesão sob anestesia geral. Confirmou-se novamente o diagnóstico de cisto radicular. Conclusão: Atualmente, 18 meses após a cirurgia, novos exames radiográficos demonstraram o processo de neoformação óssea no local da lesão.

Objective: To present the case of a large radicular cyst in the maxilla. Case report: Male patient, feoderma, 28 years old, attended the stomatology service complaining of "a bubble in the tooth." The patient reported the evolution of the injury for 15 days and has undergone previous endodontic treatment on the tooth 21. In intraoral physical examination it was observed a mild increase in the volume on anterior palate in the tooth 21 region. The anterior superior teeth responded negatively the pulp sensitivity test (PST). The panoramic radiography and dental CT scan revealed a hypodense image expansive unilocular extending from the region of the tooth 16 to tooth 25 with partially defined limits and move away of the right maxillary sinus floor and the nasal cavity. Treatment: Incisional biopsy was performed and the result of the pathological examination suggested a radicular cyst. The initial therapeutic approach had been the endodontic treatment of teeth presented pulp necrosis prioritizing the use of calcium hydroxide as intracanal dressing. Histopathological analysis showed a cystic lesion of inflammatory origin. After the endodontic treatment was made marsupialization of the lesion, aiming the cystic decompression. After 3 months of surgical decompression new imaging examination revealed a small regression of the lesion, however, is not satisfactory. We chose to realize curettage of the lesion under general anesthesia, reconfirming the diagnosis of radicular cyst. Conclusion: Currently, 10 months after surgery, new radiographs demonstrated the process of bone formation at the site of injury.

Avaliação da composição química e radiopacidade de diferentes pastas de hidróxido de cálcio / Evaluation of chemical composition and radiopacity of different calcium hydroxide pastes

Objetivo: Avaliar a composição química e a radiopacidade de diferentes pastas de hidróxido de cálcio. Material e métodos: Foram avaliadas três pastas comerciais: Ultracal XS®; Hydropast® e Callen®. O hidróxido de cálcio P.A. foi utilizado como controle. Para avaliar a composição química dos materiais, uma amostra de cada pasta foi avaliada por análise termogravimétrica, e a massa de hidróxido de cálcio presente foi obtida por meio de cálculos estequiométricos a partir da decomposição térmica de suas moléculas. Para avaliar a radiopacidade, foram analisadas 03 amostras para cada grupo. A radiopacidade foi avaliada com um sistema de radiografia digital indireta Express™ e equipamento de raios X Focus™. As imagens obtidas foram analisadas quanto aos padrões do valor de cinza por meio do software ImageJ. Resultados: Os percentuais de massa de hidróxido de cálcio obtidos para cada material foram: hidróxido de cálcio P.A.: 87,12%; Ultracal XS®: 36,38%; Hydropast®: 30,66%; Callen®: 50,54%. Os valores de cinza das pastas foram de: 63,41 para o hidróxido de cálcio P.A.; 126,35 para Ultracal XS®; 106,73 para Hydropast®, e 72,23 para Callen®. Na mesma análise, a escala de alumínio apresentou os valores: Al 1mm: 53,50; Al 4 mm: 98,06; Al 8mm: 162,14; Al 12mm: 205,4. Conclusões: Houve diferenças em todas as pastas entre a quantidade de hidróxido de cálcio informada pelo fabricante e a quantidade encontrada nas análises termogravimétricas. As pastas comerciais testadas apresentaram maior radiopacidade que o grupo controle. A Ultracal XS® foi o material com maior radiopacidade, seguido da Hydropast e Callen.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the chemical composition and radiopacity of different calcium hydroxide pastes. Material and methods: Three commercial pastes were evaluated: Ultracal XS®; Hydropast® and Callen®. Calcium hydroxide P.A. was used as control. To evaluate the chemical composition of the materials, a sample of each paste was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and the mass of calcium hydroxide presented was obtained through stoichiometric calculations from the thermal decomposition of its molecules. To evaluate the radiopacity were analyzed 03 samples for each group. Radiopacity was evaluated with an Express™ indirect digital radiography system and Focus™ X-ray equipment. The images were analyzed as gray value standards using ImageJ software. Results: The percentages of mass of calcium hydroxide obtained for each material were: calcium hydroxide P.A.: 87.12%; Ultracal XS®: 36.38%; Hydropast ®: 30.66%; Callen®: 50.54%. The gray values of the pastes were: 63.41 for the calcium hydroxide P.A.; 126.35 for Ultracal®; 106.73 for Hydropast®, and 72.23 for Callen®. In the same analysis, the aluminum scale presented in values: Al 1mm: 53,50; Al 4 mm: 98.06; Al 8mm: 162.14; Al 12mm: 205.4. Conclusions: There were differences in all pastes between the amount of calcium hydroxide reported by the manufacturer and the amount found in the thermogravimetric analyzes. The commercial pastes tested showed higher radiopacity than the control group. Ultracal XS® was the material with the highest radiopacity, followed by Hydropast ® and Callen®.

Análise da erosão da dentina radicular após irrigação com hipoclorito de sódio em diferentes concentrações por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura / Analysis of radicular dentin erosion after sodium hypochlorite irrigation at different concentrations by scanning electron microscopy

Objetivo: Avaliar a erosão dentinária após a irrigação com hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) em diferentes concentrações por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Material e método: Foram utilizados doze dentes humanos unirradiculares divididos em 4 grupos (n=3) conforme solução utilizada: NaOCl 1%, NaOCl 2,5%, NaOCl 5,0% e água destilada (controle). Todos os canais radiculares foram preparados utilizando o sistema BioRace, irrigados com a solução do grupo correspondente e EDTA 17%. Ranhuras longitudinais foram preparadas para clivar as raízes. Os espécimes foram avaliados em MEV. A erosão dentinária foi analisada e registrada considerando os seguintes scores: Score 1 - não houve erosão na dentina; score 2 - erosão moderada e score 3 - erosão severa. Resultado: Praticamente não observou-se erosão (score 1) no grupo preparado com água destilada, em contrapartida, o grupo de dentes que foram irrigados com NaOCl 5%, obteve a maior prevalência de erosão severa (score 3). No grupo irrigado com NaOCl 1% houve prevalência de score 1 no terço cervical e de score 2 no terço médio, já no terço apical os 3 scores foram observados. No grupo irrigado com a solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% houve erosão dentinária predominantemente moderada (score 2) em todos os terços. Conclusão: A erosão dentinária foi diretamente proporcional à concentração de hipoclorito de sódio.

Objective: To evaluate the dentin erosion after sodium hypochlorite irrigation in different concentrations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods: It was used twelve singlerooted teeth divided into 4 groups (n = 3) according to the used solution: 1% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl, 5% NaOCl and distilled water (control). All root canals were prepared using BioRace system, irrigated with the solution of the corresponding group and 17% EDTA. Longitudinal grooves were made to cleave the roots. The specimens were evaluated in scanning electron microscopy. The dentin erosion level was recorded considering the following criteria: Score 1 - there was no erosion on dentin; score 2 - moderate erosion and score 3 - Severe erosion. Result: The dentin erosion was proportional to the concentration of sodium hypochlorite. Practically, there was no erosion (score 1) in the group prepared with distilled water, on the other hand, the group irrigated with 5% NaOCl had the highest percentage of severe erosion, score 3. The group irrigated with 1% NaOCl had the prevalence of score 1 in cervical third and score 2 in the middle third, however all the scores were observed in apical third. In group irrigated with 2,5% sodium hypochlorite there was, predominantly, moderate dentin erosion (score 2) in all thirds. Conclusion: Dentin erosion was directly proportional to the concentration of sodium hypochlorite

Análise da precisão do exame de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico na determinação do comprimento de trabalho durante a terapia endodôntica / Analysis of the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography exam in determining the work length during root canal treatment

Objetivo: Avaliar a precisão do exame de Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico (TCFC) na determinação do comprimento de trabalho (CT) em 24 dentes humanos unirradiculares. Material e Método: Após a realização dos procedimentos de abertura coronária, exploração do canal radicular e preparo dos terços cervical e médio os dentes tiveram seus comprimentos de trabalho determinados pelos métodos direto, eletrônico e tomográfico. No método direto, o CT foi determinado visualmente com o auxílio de uma lima do tipo K-File #20, enquanto que nos métodos eletrônico e tomográfico, as odontometrias foram estabelecidas, respectivamente, com a utilização de um localizador eletrônico foraminal da marca Root ZX II e em imagens de TCFC obtidas em um tomógrafo Prexion 3D. Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste ANOVA ao nível de 5% de significância Resultados: Ao todo foram realizadas 72 mensurações. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as medidas obtidas pelos diferentes métodos empregados. Conclusões: O exame de TCFC revelou ser uma alternativa eficaz para a obtenção do CT durante a terapia endodôntica.

Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in work length (WL) determination in twentyfour single-rooted human Material and Methods: After performing the procedures of coronary opening, root canal exploration and cervical preflaring, the teeth had their work lengths determined by direct, electronic and tomographic methods. In the direct method, the WL was determined visually, using a #20 KFile instrument. In the electronic and tomographic methods, the WLs were determined using the Root ZX II locating device and TCFC images, respectively. The data were analyzed statistically by the ANOVA test at 5% significance level. Results: A total of 72 measurements were performed. No statistical difference was observed between the measurements obtained by the different methods. Conclusions: The CBCT proved to be an effective alternative for WL determination during root canal treatment.

Expression of CD90 and P75NTR stem cell markers in ameloblastomas: a possible role in their biological behavior

Abstract Multicystic and unicystic ameloblastomas are benign odontogenic tumors that present distinct biological behavior. The investigation of stem cells has become an important branch of tumor biology, with several studies addressing the possible role of these cells in tumor growth, angiogenesis, progression, infiltration and invasiveness. This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of CD90(Thy-1) and P75NTR stem cell markers in multicystic and unicystic ameloblastomas. Seventeen (17) samples of ameloblastomas (multicystic, n = 10; unicystic, n = 7) were submitted to immunohistochemical reactions and graded semi-quantitatively. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify possible differences in CD90 and P75NTR expressions between multicystic and unicystic ameloblastomas (p < 0.05). CD90 immunostaining was observed in all multicystic ameloblastoma specimens (n = 10), in the cytoplasm of the fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells of the tumor stroma, near the neoplastic odontogenic epithelia. The staining of stromal CD90 was significantly higher in multicystic than in unicystic ameloblastomas (p = 0.003). Nuclear P75NTR immunostaining was observed in all ameloblastoma specimens. A significant difference was seen in the epithelial staining of P75NTR between multicystic and unicystic types (p = 0.007). The increased expression of CD90 and P75NTR found in multicystic ameloblastomas suggests a behavioral biological difference between multicystic and unicystic ameloblastomas, as well as a difference in ameloblastoma development.

Análise crítica das estratégias de sanificação na limpeza do canal radicular / A critical analysis of the sanitization strategies on root canal cleaning

Avaliar, em estudos longitudinais, a eficácia das soluções irrigantes utilizadas no tratamento endodôntico sobre a limpeza, remoção da smear layer e poder de dissolução tecidual, através de revisão sistemática. Método: Empregaram-se fontes de catalogação bibliográfica identificadas eletronicamente pelo portal MEDLINE (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed), a partir de 1966 até 10 de janeiro de 2012. Na estratégia de busca empregou-se a combinação dos unitermos: (Endodontic or root canal) and (Smear layer or clean* or tissue dissolution or organic dissolution) and (irrigants or NaOCl or sodium hypochlorite or Milton Solution or Dakin solution or Labarraque solution or chlorinated soda or chlorine or chloride or hypoclean or hypochlor or niclor or Chlor-xtra or chlorhexidine or chx or cloreximid or peridex or periogard or EDTA or Acid or citric or acetic or peracetic or malic or vinegar or citrate or Hydrogen peroxide or h2o2 or Iodine or iodide or povidone or povidine or PVP or Ozone or ozonated or MTAD or Tetraclean or Endoptc or Rc prep or Morinda citrifolia or Aquatine or hydroxyethylcellulose or cat's claw or propolis). Os estudos foram selecionados por dois revisores, independentes, que determinaram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados: A busca apresentou 817 artigos relacionados. Quatro (04) estudos satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão preestabelecidos. A avaliação histológica foi realizada a 1, 2 e 3 mm do ápice radicular. O hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25% e 6% foi a única solução irrigante a apresentar evidências científicas de ação de limpeza sobre as paredes dos canais radiculares. Conclusão: A utilização do ultrassom melhorou o potencial de limpeza das soluções irrigantes. As regiões de istmo apresentaram menor percentual de áreas livres de detritos...

To assess the efficacy of irrigant solutions used in endodontic treatment in terms of cleanliness, smear layer removal and tissue dissolving potency by means of a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Method: Articles were identified in electronic bibliographies accessible via MEDLINE. Searches were run on the PubMed Database (http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/PubMed) for articles published from 1966 to January 10, 2012, using combinations of the following keywords: (Endodontic or root canal) and (Smear layer or clean* or tissue dissolution or organic dissolution) and (irrigants or NaOCl or sodium hypochlorite or Milton Solution or Dakin solution or Labarraque solution or chlorinated soda or chlorine or chloride or hypoclean or hypochlor or niclor or Chlor-xtra or chlorhexidine or chx or cloreximid or peridex or periogard or EDTA or Acid or citric or acetic or peracetic or malic or vinegar or citrate or Hydrogen peroxide or H2O2 or Iodine or iodide or povidone or povidine or PVP or Ozone or ozonated or MTAD or Tetraclean or Endoptc or Rc prep or Morinda citrifolia or Aquatine or hydroxyethylcellulose or cat's claw or propolis). Studies were assessed for inclusion and exclusion criteria by two independent examiners. Results: The search returned 817 articles. Four (04) studies met the preestablished inclusion criteria and not the exclusion criteria. Teeth were assessed histologically at points 1, 2 and 3 mm from the root apex. Sodium hypochlorite at 5.25% and 6% was the only irrigating solution for which there is scientific evidence of root wall cleaning activity. Conclusions: Addition of ultrasound improved the cleaning potency of irrigant solutions. Isthmus regions had the lowest percentages of area free from debris...

Profile of scientific production in endodontics in high-impact journals / Perfil da produção científica em endodontia em periódicos de alto impacto

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil da produção científica na área de endodontia em periódicos de alto impacto. Métodos: Foram avaliados os artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2011 nos periódicos Journal of Endodontics, International Endodontic Journal e Australian Endodontic Journal. Vários aspectos foram avaliados, a saber: tipo de artigo, origem geográfica dos autores, mudanças no perfil dos artigos ao longo do período estudado (em termos de país de origem e tipo de artigo) e relação entre o investimento em ciência/tecnologia e o número de publicações. Resultados: Um total de 3.993 artigos foram publicados no período de 10 anos estudado. Artigos de pesquisa básica representaram 67,85% da produção, comparados com 1,35% de revisões sistemáticas/metanálises. Os Estados Unidos ficaram em primeiro lugar em número de publicações (23,69%), seguidos pelo Brasil (14,22%) e pela China (6,42%). Apesar dos baixos investimentos feitos em ciência, os países emergentes Brasil, China e Turquia ficaram entre os cinco países com maiores números de publicações, especialmente como resultado do aumento nos números de artigos nos anos mais recentes. Conclusão: Países emergentes estão investindo cada vez mais em ciência e tecnologia, o que permitiu um grande número de publicações em periódicos de alto impacto nos últimos anos.

Objective: To characterize the profile of scientific production in the field of endodontics in high-impact journals. Methods: Articles published from January 2001 to December 2011 in the Journal of Endodontics, International Endodontic Journal, and Australian Endodontic Journal were evaluated. Various aspects were assessed: type of article, authors' geographic origin, changes in the profile of papers over the studied period (in terms of country of origin and type of article), and ratio between budget for science/technology and number of publications. Results: A total of 3,993 articles were published in the 10-year period assessed. Basic research articles accounted for 67.85% of the production, compared to 1.35% of systematic reviews/meta-analyses. The U.S. ranked first in number of publications (23.69%), followed by Brazil (14.22%) and China (6.42%). Despite the low investments made in science, the emerging countries Brazil, China, and Turkey were able to figure among the top five countries in number of publications, especially as a result of increasing numbers of articles in the latest years. Conclusion: Emerging countries are investing increasing amounts in science and technology, which has allowed for a large number of publications in high-impact journals. Keywords: Endodontics, science, technology, impact factor, journal article.

Influência da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico no plano de tratamento do dens invaginatus / Influence of cone beam computed tomography on dens invaginatus treatment planning

A obtenção do sucesso em Endodontia está associada à precisão no diagnóstico. O estabelecimento da hipótes e de diagnóstico baseado unicamente na radiografia periapical é um grande desafio em todas as especialidades da Odontologia. A visualização de estruturas tridimensionais,identificadas por tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) favorece uma melhor precisão do problema e planejamento para o tratamento. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um caso clínico que envolve o planejamento para tratamento de dens invaginatus,que foi alterado a partir de visualização tridimensional por TCFC. A análise dinâmica das estruturas endodônticas e periodontais sugeriu um diagnóstico de dens invaginatustipo 2, associado a área radiolucente periapical e comprometimento periodontal. A adequada avaliação empregando moderno método de exame por imagem deve ser sempre feita em conjunto com a avaliação clínica.O adequado manejo de imagens de TCFC pode revelar anormalidades que as radiografias periapicais são incapazes de identificar. A escolha da terapêutica clínica para esta anormalidade foi influenciada pela TCFC, em cujas imagens foi detectada grande destruição óssea não visível previamente pela radiografia periapical inicial.Com base na necessidade de extenso tratamento restaurador, a opção terapêutica foi a extração do dente e a reabilitação bucal.

The achievement of endodontic success is associatedwith the accurate diagnosis. To establish the diagnostichypothesis based on periapical radiograph is a challengefor all different dentistry specialties. The visualization ofthree dimensional structures, available with cone beamcomputed tomography (CBCT), favors precise definitionof the problem and treatment planning. The aim of thismanuscript is to present a case report of dens invaginatustreatment planning changed by 3-D CBCT images. Thecomplete and dynamic visualization regarded the correctendodontic-periodontal structures, suggesting type 2dens invaginatus associated with radiolucent areas, andperiodontal compromising. The adequate examinationusing imaging exams should be always made in conjunctionwith the clinical findings. The accurate managementof CBCT images may reveal abnormality which is unableto be detected in periapical radiographs. The choice ofclinical therapeutics for these dental anomalies was influencedby CBCT views which showed bone destructionnot previously visible in initial periapical radiograph.Based on the necessity of extensive restorative treatment,the option of treatment was the extraction of this toothand oral rehabilitation.

Eficácia da clorexidina em infecções endodônticas: revisão sistemática / Efficacy of chlorhexidine in endodontic infections: systematic review

Avaliou-se em estudos longitudinais a eficácia da clorexidina em infecções endodônticas detectadas por cultura ou reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), por meio de revisão sistemática. As estratégias de busca incluíram buscas eletrônicas (Medline, Embase, Central) e manuais, utilizando-se várias palavras-chave: chlorhexidineand (endodontic* OR endodontic* infection* OR root canal infection*). A busca apresentou 196 artigos, sendo que dos 48 estudos in vivo, sete satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão. A combinação de resultados com vistas à estruturação de uma meta-análise não foi possível em função da heterogeneidade dos estudos. O emprego da clorexidina como irrigante durante o preparo de canais radiculares infectados mostrou reduzir a microbiota endodôntica remanescente.

Efficacy of calcium hydroxide dressing in endodontic infection treatment: a systematic review / Eficácia da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio no tratamento de infecção endodôntica: uma revisão sistemática

Pupose: To perform a systematic review of the efficacy of calcium hydroxide (CH) dressing prepared with different vehicles on the treatment of teeth with endodontic infection. Methods: Search strategies included electronic search in databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL) from 1966 to January 2007 and manual search in endodontic journals and references of previously selected studies. The following terms were used: calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine, root canal infection, faecalis, intracanal dressing, endodontic infection, intracanal medicament, paramonochlorophenol, para monochlorophenol, and p-monochlorophenol. Results: From the 71 in vivo studies retrieved, five clinical studies met the inclusion criteria. Saline solution was the vehicle of CH dressing in all five included studies, and only one study compared saline versus chlorhexidine as vehicles of CH dressing. From a total of 130 teeth with endodontic infection, 39 teeth (30%) had remaining microorganisms after sanitation and CH dressing with saline. Conclusion: Adequate sanitation and CH dressing with saline vehicle reduce microorganisms in teeth with endodontic infection.

Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre a eficácia de pastas de hidróxido de cálcio preparadas com diferentes veículos no tratamento de dentes com infecções endodônticas. Metodologia: As estratégias de busca incluíram buscas eletrônicas em bases de dados (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL) de 1966 a janeiro de 2007 e busca manual em periódicos especializados e referências de estudos selecionados. Os seguintes unitermos foram utilizados: calcium hydroxide (CH), chlorhexidine, root canal infection, faecalis, intracanal dressing, endodontic infection, intracanal medicament, paramonochlorophenol, para monochlorophenol e p-monochlorophenol. Resultados: Dos 71 trabalhos in vivo obtidos, cinco estudos clínicos satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão. Solução salina foi o veículo na pasta de hidróxido de cálcio em todos os cinco estudos incluídos na revisão, e apenas um estudo comparou solução salina versus clorexidina como veículo da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio. De um total de 130 dentes com infecção endodôntica, 39 dentes (30%) apresentaram microrganismos após o procedimento de sanificação combinado com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio associada à solução fisiológica. Conclusão: O adequado procedimento de sanificação do canala associado à pasta de hidróxido de cálcio com veículo de solução fisiológica reduzem a quantidade de microrganismos em dentes com infecção endodôntica.